香精油

Oil \Oil\ (oil), n. [OE. oile, OF. oile, F. huile, fr. L. oleum;
akin to Gr. ?. Cf. {Olive}.]
Any one of a great variety of unctuous combustible
substances, more viscous than and not miscible with water;
as, olive oil, whale oil, rock oil, etc. They are of animal,
vegetable, or mineral origin and of varied composition, and
they are variously used for food, for solvents, for
anointing, lubrication, illumination, etc. By extension, any
substance of an oily consistency; as, oil of vitriol.

Note: The mineral oils are varieties of petroleum. See
{Petroleum}. The vegetable oils are of two classes,
{essential oils} (see under {Essential}), and {natural
oils} which in general resemble the animal oils and
fats. Most of the natural oils and the animal oils and
fats consist of ethereal salts of glycerin, with a
large number of organic acids, principally stearic,
oleic, and palmitic, forming respectively stearin,
olein, and palmitin. Stearin and palmitin prevail in
the solid oils and fats, and olein in the liquid oils.
Mutton tallow, beef tallow, and lard are rich in
stearin, human fat and palm oil in palmitin, and sperm
and cod-liver oils in olein. In making soaps, the acids
leave the glycerin and unite with the soda or potash.

{Animal oil}, {Bone oil}, {Dipple's oil}, etc. (Old Chem.), a
complex oil obtained by the distillation of animal
substances, as bones. See {Bone oil}, under {Bone}.

{Drying oils}, {Essential oils}. (Chem.) See under {Drying},
and {Essential}.

{Ethereal oil of wine}, {Heavy oil of wine}. (Chem.) See
under {Ethereal}.

{Fixed oil}. (Chem.) See under {Fixed}.

{Oil bag} (Zo["o]l.), a bag, cyst, or gland in animals,
containing oil.

{Oil beetle} (Zo["o]l.), any beetle of the genus {Meloe} and
allied genera. When disturbed they emit from the joints of
the legs a yellowish oily liquor. Some species possess
vesicating properties, and are used instead of
cantharides.

{Oil box}, or {Oil cellar} (Mach.), a fixed box or reservoir,
for lubricating a bearing; esp., the box for oil beneath
the journal of a railway-car axle.

{Oil cake}. See under {Cake}.

{Oil cock}, a stopcock connected with an oil cup. See {Oil
cup}.

{Oil color}.
(a) A paint made by grinding a coloring substance in oil.
(b) Such paints, taken in a general sense.
(b) a painting made from such a paint.

{Oil cup}, a cup, or small receptacle, connected with a
bearing as a lubricator, and usually provided with a wick,
wire, or adjustable valve for regulating the delivery of
oil.

{Oil engine}, a gas engine worked with the explosive vapor of
petroleum.

{Oil gas}, inflammable gas procured from oil, and used for
lighting streets, houses, etc.

{Oil gland}.
(a) (Zo["o]l.) A gland which secretes oil; especially in
birds, the large gland at the base of the tail.
(b) (Bot.) A gland, in some plants, producing oil.

{Oil green}, a pale yellowish green, like oil.

{Oil of brick}, empyreumatic oil obtained by subjecting a
brick soaked in oil to distillation at a high temperature,
-- used by lapidaries as a vehicle for the emery by which
stones and gems are sawn or cut. --Brande & C.

{Oil of talc}, a nostrum made of calcined talc, and famous in
the 17th century as a cosmetic. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.

{Oil of vitriol} (Chem.), strong sulphuric acid; -- so called
from its oily consistency and from its forming the
vitriols or sulphates.

{Oil of wine}, [OE]nanthic ether. See under {[OE]nanthic}.

{Oil painting}.
(a) The art of painting in oil colors.
(b) Any kind of painting of which the pigments are originally
ground in oil.

{Oil palm} (Bot.), a palm tree whose fruit furnishes oil,
esp. {El[ae]is Guineensis}. See {El[ae]is}.

{Oil sardine} (Zo["o]l.), an East Indian herring ({Clupea
scombrina}), valued for its oil.

{Oil shark} (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The liver shark.
(b) The tope.

{Oil still}, a still for hydrocarbons, esp. for petroleum.

{Oil test}, a test for determining the temperature at which
petroleum oils give off vapor which is liable to explode.


{Oil tree}. (Bot.)
(a) A plant of the genus {Ricinus} ({Ricinus communis}), from
the seeds of which castor oil is obtained.
(b) An Indian tree, the mahwa. See {Mahwa}.
(c) The oil palm.

{To burn the midnight oil}, to study or work late at night.


{Volatle oils}. See {Essential oils}, under {Essential}.


Essential \Es*sen"tial\ ([e^]s*s[e^]n"sjal), a. [Cf. F.
essentiel. See {Essence}.]
1. Belonging to the essence, or that which makes an object,
or class of objects, what it is.

Majestic as the voice sometimes became, there was
forever in it an essential character of
plaintiveness. --Hawthorne.

2. Hence, really existing; existent.

Is it true, that thou art but a name,
And no essential thing? --Webster
(1623).

3. Important in the highest degree; indispensable to the
attainment of an object; indispensably necessary.

Judgment's more essential to a general
Than courage. --Denham.

How to live? -- that is the essential question for
us. --H. Spencer.

4. Containing the essence or characteristic portion of a
substance, as of a plant; highly rectified; pure; hence,
unmixed; as, an essential oil. ``Mine own essential
horror.'' --Ford.

5. (Mus.) Necessary; indispensable; -- said of those tones
which constitute a chord, in distinction from ornamental
or passing tones.

6. (Med.) Idiopathic; independent of other diseases.

{Essential character} (Biol.), the prominent characteristics
which serve to distinguish one genus, species, etc., from
another.

{Essential disease}, {Essential fever} (Med.), one that is
not dependent on another.

{Essential oils} (Chem.), a class of volatile oils, extracted
from plants, fruits, or flowers, having each its
characteristic odor, and hot burning taste. They are used
in essences, perfumery, etc., and include many varieties
of compounds; as {lemon oil} is a terpene, {oil of bitter
almonds} an aldehyde, {oil of wintergreen} an ethereal
salt, etc.; -- called also {volatile oils} in distinction
from the fixed or nonvolatile.

Oil \Oil\ (oil), n. [OE. oile, OF. oile, F. huile, fr. L. oleum;
akin to Gr. ?. Cf. {Olive}.]
Any one of a great variety of unctuous combustible
substances, more viscous than and not miscible with water;
as, olive oil, whale oil, rock oil, etc. They are of animal,
vegetable, or mineral origin and of varied composition, and
they are variously used for food, for solvents, for
anointing, lubrication, illumination, etc. By extension, any
substance of an oily consistency; as, oil of vitriol.

Note: The mineral oils are varieties of petroleum. See
{Petroleum}. The vegetable oils are of two classes,
{essential oils} (see under {Essential}), and {natural
oils} which in general resemble the animal oils and
fats. Most of the natural oils and the animal oils and
fats consist of ethereal salts of glycerin, with a
large number of organic acids, principally stearic,
oleic, and palmitic, forming respectively stearin,
olein, and palmitin. Stearin and palmitin prevail in
the solid oils and fats, and olein in the liquid oils.
Mutton tallow, beef tallow, and lard are rich in
stearin, human fat and palm oil in palmitin, and sperm
and cod-liver oils in olein. In making soaps, the acids
leave the glycerin and unite with the soda or potash.

{Animal oil}, {Bone oil}, {Dipple's oil}, etc. (Old Chem.), a
complex oil obtained by the distillation of animal
substances, as bones. See {Bone oil}, under {Bone}.

{Drying oils}, {Essential oils}. (Chem.) See under {Drying},
and {Essential}.

{Ethereal oil of wine}, {Heavy oil of wine}. (Chem.) See
under {Ethereal}.

{Fixed oil}. (Chem.) See under {Fixed}.

{Oil bag} (Zo["o]l.), a bag, cyst, or gland in animals,
containing oil.

{Oil beetle} (Zo["o]l.), any beetle of the genus {Meloe} and
allied genera. When disturbed they emit from the joints of
the legs a yellowish oily liquor. Some species possess
vesicating properties, and are used instead of
cantharides.

{Oil box}, or {Oil cellar} (Mach.), a fixed box or reservoir,
for lubricating a bearing; esp., the box for oil beneath
the journal of a railway-car axle.

{Oil cake}. See under {Cake}.

{Oil cock}, a stopcock connected with an oil cup. See {Oil
cup}.

{Oil color}.
(a) A paint made by grinding a coloring substance in oil.
(b) Such paints, taken in a general sense.
(b) a painting made from such a paint.

{Oil cup}, a cup, or small receptacle, connected with a
bearing as a lubricator, and usually provided with a wick,
wire, or adjustable valve for regulating the delivery of
oil.

{Oil engine}, a gas engine worked with the explosive vapor of
petroleum.

{Oil gas}, inflammable gas procured from oil, and used for
lighting streets, houses, etc.

{Oil gland}.
(a) (Zo["o]l.) A gland which secretes oil; especially in
birds, the large gland at the base of the tail.
(b) (Bot.) A gland, in some plants, producing oil.

{Oil green}, a pale yellowish green, like oil.

{Oil of brick}, empyreumatic oil obtained by subjecting a
brick soaked in oil to distillation at a high temperature,
-- used by lapidaries as a vehicle for the emery by which
stones and gems are sawn or cut. --Brande & C.

{Oil of talc}, a nostrum made of calcined talc, and famous in
the 17th century as a cosmetic. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.

{Oil of vitriol} (Chem.), strong sulphuric acid; -- so called
from its oily consistency and from its forming the
vitriols or sulphates.

{Oil of wine}, [OE]nanthic ether. See under {[OE]nanthic}.

{Oil painting}.
(a) The art of painting in oil colors.
(b) Any kind of painting of which the pigments are originally
ground in oil.

{Oil palm} (Bot.), a palm tree whose fruit furnishes oil,
esp. {El[ae]is Guineensis}. See {El[ae]is}.

{Oil sardine} (Zo["o]l.), an East Indian herring ({Clupea
scombrina}), valued for its oil.

{Oil shark} (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The liver shark.
(b) The tope.

{Oil still}, a still for hydrocarbons, esp. for petroleum.

{Oil test}, a test for determining the temperature at which
petroleum oils give off vapor which is liable to explode.


{Oil tree}. (Bot.)
(a) A plant of the genus {Ricinus} ({Ricinus communis}), from
the seeds of which castor oil is obtained.
(b) An Indian tree, the mahwa. See {Mahwa}.
(c) The oil palm.

{To burn the midnight oil}, to study or work late at night.


{Volatle oils}. See {Essential oils}, under {Essential}.