n. 植物学

[医] 植物学

Botany \Bot"a*ny\, n.; pl. {Botanies}. [F. botanique, a. & n.,
fr. Gr. ? botanic, fr. ? herb, plant, fr. ? to feed, graze.]
1. The science which treats of the structure of plants, the
functions of their parts, their places of growth, their
classification, and the terms which are employed in their
description and denomination. See {Plant}.

2. A book which treats of the science of botany.

Note: Botany is divided into various departments; as,

{Structural Botany}, which investigates the structure and
organic composition of plants;

{Physiological Botany}, the study of their functions and
life; and

{Systematic Botany}, which has to do with their
classification, description, nomenclature, etc.

Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr.
L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.]
1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the
constitution of a thing; belonging to native character;
according to nature; essential; characteristic; innate;
not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as,
the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural
motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or
disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.

With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.
--Macaulay.

2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature;
consonant to the methods of nature; according to the
stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws
which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or
violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural
consequence of crime; a natural death; anger is a natural
response to insult.

What can be more natural than the circumstances in
the behavior of those women who had lost their
husbands on this fatal day? --Addison.

3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with,
or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and
mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or
experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural
science; history, theology.

I call that natural religion which men might know .
. . by the mere principles of reason, improved by
consideration and experience, without the help of
revelation. --Bp. Wilkins.

4. Conformed to truth or reality; as:
(a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or
exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a
natural gesture, tone, etc.
(b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature;
according to the life; -- said of anything copied or
imitated; as, a portrait is natural.

5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to
one's position; not unnatural in feelings.

To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . .
He wants the natural touch. --Shak.

6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. especially,
Related by birth rather than by adoption; as, one's
natural mother. ``Natural friends.'' --J. H. Newman.
[1913 Webster +PJC]

7. Hence: Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of
wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.

8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as
contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which
is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate.

The natural man receiveth not the things of the
Spirit of God. --1 Cor. ii.
14.

9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some
system, in which the base is 1; -- said of certain
functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those
commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken
in arcs whose radii are 1.

10. (Mus.)
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human
throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
(b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat
nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major.
(c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which
moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but
little from the original key.
(d) Neither flat nor sharp; -- of a tone.
(e) Changed to the pitch which is neither flat nor sharp,
by appending the sign [natural]; as, A natural.
--Moore (Encyc. of Music).
[1913 Webster +PJC]

11. Existing in nature or created by the forces of nature, in
contrast to production by man; not made, manufactured, or
processed by humans; as, a natural ruby; a natural
bridge; natural fibers; a deposit of natural calcium
sulfate. Opposed to {artificial}, {man-made},
{manufactured}, {processed} and {synthetic}. [WordNet
sense 2]
[PJC]

12. Hence: Not processed or refined; in the same statre as
that existing in nature; as, natural wood; natural foods.
[PJC]

{Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer.

{Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}.
etc.

{Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common
chord.

{Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or
description of nature as a whole, including the sciences
of {botany}, {zo["o]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy},
{paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent
usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of
botany and zo["o]logy collectively, and sometimes to the
science of zoology alone.

{Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right
and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished
from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated
human law.

{Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its
relative keys.

{Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}.

{Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n.

{Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in
general; the natural sciences; in modern usage, that
branch of physical science, commonly called {physics},
which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and
considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by
any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with
{mental philosophy} and {moral philosophy}.

{Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without
flats or sharps.

Note: Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to
mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales
represented by the use of flats and sharps) being
equally natural with the so-called natural scale.

{Natural science}, the study of objects and phenomena
existing in nature, especially biology, chemistry, physics
and their interdisciplinary related sciences; {natural
history}, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in
contradistinction to {social science}, {mathematics},
{philosophy}, {mental science} or {moral science}.

{Natural selection} (Biol.), the operation of natural laws
analogous, in their operation and results, to designed
selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in
the survival of the fittest; the elimination over time of
species unable to compete in specific environments with
other species more adapted to survival; -- the essential
mechanism of evolution. The principle of natural selection
is neutral with respect to the mechanism by which
inheritable changes occur in organisms (most commonly
thought to be due to mutation of genes and reorganization
of genomes), but proposes that those forms which have
become so modified as to be better adapted to the existing
environment have tended to survive and leave similarly
adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted
have tended to die out through lack of fitness for the
environment, thus resulting in the survival of the
fittest. See {Darwinism}.

{Natural system} (Bot. & Zo["o]l.), a classification based
upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all
parts of the organisms, and by their embryology.

It should be borne in mind that the natural system
of botany is natural only in the constitution of its
genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand
divisions. --Gray.


{Natural theology}, or {Natural religion}, that part of
theological science which treats of those evidences of the
existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are
exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from {revealed
religion}. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3.

{Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir,
her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest
open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel},
under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17.
[1913 Webster +PJC]

Syn: See {Native}.